Catania

Origins (1901–1908)

Crews of English cargo ships brought football to Sicily.^[] Specifically, the earliest Catania team can be traced to a match that took place on 2 May 1901 at San Raineri di Messina against Messina Football Club; the team was the Royal Yacht Catania, an English ship with a local Catanian crew.

The shipworkers' team was a pastime, and Catania's first professional football club was founded on 19 June 1908 by Italian film director Gaetano Ventimiglia and Francesco Sturzo d'Aldobrando, who founded the club under the name A.S. Educazione Fisica Pro Patria.^[] Early on, they would play against sailors visiting the port of Catania, foreign ships in particular.^[] Though their first ever match was against the Italian battleship , the game ended in a 1–1 draw and the Catania line-up that day consisted of Vassallo, Gismondo, Bianchi, Messina, Slaiter, Caccamo, Stellario, Binning, Cocuzza, Ventimiglia, and Pappalardo.^[] Just two years later, the club was renamed to Unione Sportiva Catanese.

Foundation (1908–1943)

In northern Italy, football was more organised and clubs in the area competed in the early Italian Football Championships, while the southern clubs competed in competitions such as the Lipton, Sant' Agata, and Agordad cups.^[] The US Catanese survived World War I, and after that, played in the local Coppa Federale Siciliana.^[] Seven seasons later, in 1927, they were promoted to the Campionato Catanese, later winning in the 1928–29 season.^[] As they gained promotion, the team entered the Second Division, but the fascist reform of Italian football dictated the disbandment of Catanese and the establishment of Società Sportiva Catania on 27 June 1929. The new club first competed in Serie B in the 1934–35 season, where they finished fourth; that year, Genoa won the Serie B title.

Catania played in the league for three seasons during this period before ultimately being relegated.^[] Down in Serie C, Catania was crowned the champion in the 1938–39 season, finishing above Sicilian rivals Siracusa and Messina, who came in second and third place respectively.^[] The club finished at the bottom of the league in Serie B and won only three games that season.^[] The club's name was briefly changed to Associazione Calcio Fascista Catania during the 1942–43 season in Serie C,^[] which ended prematurely due to World War II.

Rebirth (1945–1949)

After World War II ended, a local competition was organised, the Campionato Siciliano. At the end of that season, a local team named Elefante Catania was merged into the club. The merged club kept the Catanese name and competed in Serie C during the 1945–46 season, but finished last. In the same league that season, a team called Virtus Catania competed with them, finishing eighth.

At the end of the season, Catanese and Virtus merged to form Club Calcio Catania, with the club's first president being Santi Manganaro-Passanisi, who had previously been president of Catanese.^[] They were promoted to Serie C, where they spent three seasons.^[] After a duel with Reggina for first place in the league, Catania gained promotion to Serie B for the 1948–49 season.^[]

Golden years (1953–1965)

The late 1950s–1960s are considered the golden years^[] for the Catanian club, as they managed to achieve promotion to Serie A on two occasions during this time.^[] Their first promotion from Serie B came when, during the 1953–54 season, they beat Cagliari and Lombardy side Pro Patria and were crowned champions of the division.^[] Their first season in Serie A saw the club achieve a respectable 12th-place finish, but the club was forcibly relegated due to financial scandals, as were Udinese Calcio.^[]

Under the management of Carmelo Di Bella, who had played for the club in the late 1930s, Catania gained promotion from Serie B in the 1959–60 season.^[] Catania had lost their final game 4–2 to Brescia and needed Parma to get a good result against Triestina for the Sicilian club to secure promotion.^[] That is exactly what happened, and Catania had gained a promotion.^[]

Catania returned into Serie A for the 1960–61 season to begin what would be a six-year stay in the league.^[] The newly promoted club finished in eighth above top Italian clubs such as Lazio and Napoli.^[] This season produced several notable wins; they beat Napoli and Bologna twice, Sampdoria 3–0 at home, and most notably, Milan 4–3 in Sicily.^[] Additionally, on the final day of the season, they beat Internazionale 2–0, with goals from Castellazzi and Calvanese.^[] Inter lost the closely contested title that year to Juventus.^[]

Four years later, in 1965, Catania would also finish eighth in the league, this time above Roma and Sicilian rivals Messina.^[] Many of the club's most notable stars played around this time, such as midfielders Alvaro Biagini and the Brazilian Chinesinho, along with wingers Carlo Facchin and Giancarlo Danova in the side.^[] Catania won against Juventus (2–0), Fiorentina (2–0), and Lazio (1–0).^[]

Decline (1966–1984)

After Catania's relegation in 1966, Carmelo Di Bella left and the club stayed in Serie B, later playing with Palermo in the Sicilian derby before the Palermitan club was promoted.^[] Catania followed in 1969–70 with a third-place finish, gaining a promotion.^[] They were relegated from Serie A after one season.^[] In that season, they had a 3–1 win against Lazio and a draw at home against Milan. Catania only scored 18 goals altogether in 30 games.^[]

In 1973–74, they were relegated down to Serie C, but were able to get a promotion to Serie B by winning as champions.^[] A similar situation occurred in 1976–77, where they were relegated down to Serie C.^[] They finished second, and later third, before finally being crowned champions of what was now known as Serie C1 in 1979–80.^[]

After three short^[] seasons, Catania was promoted after finishing in third place, behind Milan and Lazio, into Serie A.^[] They played the 1983–84 season in Italy's top league, only winning once (which came against Pisa) with 12 points.^[]

Further decline and revival (1985–2006)

The decline of Catania started after their last relegation to Serie B.^[] The team was no longer able to reach the top division of Italian football, and instead continued to decline, remaining in Serie C1 for the latter part of the 1980s.^[] In 1993, the team's participation for the year was cancelled by the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) due to financial irregularities.^[]

After a court session, magistrates declared the FIGC's decision as invalid, thus forcing it to include Catania back into the footballing fold^[] for the year.^[] Catania was included in the Sicilian Eccellenza (the sixth tier of Italian football).^[] In the meantime, another Sicilian football team, Atletico Leonzio, from Lentini (in the Province of Syracuse), had been relocated in the city and renamed Atletico Catania.^[] Despite all of this, the real Catania was able to promote back to Serie C in a short amount of time,^[][] later back to Serie B in 2002.^[]

In 2003, Catania was at the centre of a controversy that led to the enlargement of Serie B from 20 to 24 teams, known as Caso Catania.^[] The club claimed that Siena fielded an ineligible player in a 1–1 tie, a result which saw Catania relegated, whereas the two extra points from a victory would have kept them safe.^[] They were awarded a 2–0 victory before the result was reverted because the guilty player was a substitute which did not play the match; Catania appealed to the judges of the Autonomous Region of Sicily, who evaluated the victory.^[] In August, the FIGC decided to let Catania, along with Genoa and Salernitana, stay in Serie B; the newly reborn Fiorentina was also added for the 2003–04 season.^[] The ruling led to protests and boycotts by the other Serie B clubs that delayed the start of the season, until the intervention of the Italian government.^[]

The league was reduced to 22 teams for 2004–05, while at the same time, Serie A expanded from 18 to 20 teams.^[] During the start of that season, Antonino Pulvirenti, chairman of the flight company Windjet and owner of Sicilian Serie C1 team Acireale, bought the club.^[] Catania's new ownership revived the team, and in 2005–06, Catania ended in second place, earning a promotion to Serie A.^[]

Return to Serie A (2006–2013)

The 2006–07 season had Catania in Serie A for its first appearance in 22 years.^[] In their first year back, their home form saw them peak as high as fourth place after 20 games.^[]

Their return season changed drastically on 2 February 2007, due to the 2007 Catania football violence incident. It happened during the Sicilian derby with Palermo, where policeman Filippo Raciti was killed during football-related violence caused by Catania ultras outside the Stadio Angelo Massimino. The event led FIGC Commissioner Luca Pancalli to cancel all football-related events in the country for a period of time, including league and national team matches.^[] Catania chairman and owner Antonino Pulvirenti announced his willingness to leave the football world, stating it was not possible to go on producing football in Catania.^[]

After the Italian football league reopened, Catania continued on.^[][] They failed to win for 12 games in a row before beating Udinese 1–0 in late April 2007, where they eventually finished 13th.

The following season, with manager Pasquale Marino leaving for Udinese and Silvio Baldini taking charge of the team, proved to be much harder.^[] In the Coppa Italia, Catania reached to the semi-finals, then lost to A.S. Roma.^[] Subsequently, Baldini resigned from his post on 31 March 2008, being replaced by Walter Zenga.^[] Despite this, Zenga managed to lead the rossazzurri off the relegation zone in a heated final week game, a 1–1 home tie to Roma, with an equaliser goal scored by Jorge Martínez in the 85th minute.^[] Zenga was successively confirmed in charge of the team for the upcoming 2008–09 season.^[]

On 5 June 2009, Zenga left Catania to be the manager at arch-rival football club Palermo.^[] He was replaced by Gianluca Atzori, with one year of experience at Lega Pro Prima Divisione team Ravenna.^[] Atzori was noted for using an attacking 4–3–3 formation at Ravenna and was expected to continue a similar approach with the Elefanti.^[]

On 8 December 2009, Siniša Mihajlović was appointed new head coach of Catania, taking over Atzori.^[] He signed a contract until June 2011, with the Elefanti.^[] Arriving at the club that was dead last^[] in the Serie A standings, Mihajlović debuted with a loss against Livorno.^[] The following week, his team beat Juventus away in Turin with a 2–1 scoreline.^[] After Mihajlović's departure to Fiorentina, Catania appointed Marco Giampaolo as new head coach for the 2010–11 season.^[] In January 2011, Catania decided to remove Giampaolo from his position due to poor results and replace him with former Argentine football player Diego Simeone, who managed to guide the Sicilians to safety before to part company^[] by the end of the season, after only four months in charge of the team.^[] Later, Catania appointed 37-year-old Vincenzo Montella to replace Simeone at his second managerial experience after having served as caretaker at Roma during the final part of the 2010–11 season.^[]

Rolando Maran managed the team in the 2012–13 season, who guided Catania to a record-breaking season where they accrued 56 points from 38 Serie A matches.^[] The season also saw Catania take a record number of home wins in one season, its record number of victories overall in a single top flight campaign, as well as its record points total in Serie A for the fifth consecutive season.^[] They finished ahead of Internazionale at the conclusion of the season and were just five points away from competing in the UEFA Europa League.^[]

Second decline and 2022 bankruptcy (2013–2022)

After being relegated from Serie A after the 2013–14 season, Catania was again relegated to the Lega Pro and was deducted by nine points after.^[] During the 2014–15 season, head coach and owner Antonio Pulvirenti admitted to fixing five matches.

The club announced that Sport Investment Group Italia S.p.A. (S.I.G.I.) acquired 95.4% of the club's assets on Friday, 24 July 2020. On 16 January 2021, a preliminary purchase agreement was signed, with which a group of investors represented by the American lawyer Joe Tacopina undertook to purchase all shares from SIGI. The takeover never materialized, and on 22 December 2021, the club was declared insolvent and entered administration.^[] Following three auctions and a takeover offer by entrepreneur Benedetto Mancini, the club's provisional exercise by the Tribunal of Catania effectively ended on 9 April 2022, leading to its immediate exclusion from the 2021–22 Serie C season. Soon after, the Italian Football Federation formalised the club's exclusion from the Italian professional ranks, and released all of the club's players and non-playing staff.

2022 refoundation (2022–present)

In June 2022, Australian development industry entrepreneur Ross Pelligra, whose mother was born in Catania, was assigned by the city the right to register a new club in the Italian Serie D, in compliance with Article 52 of N.O.I.F.^[] He promised to invest economical resources, with the main goal of bringing back Catania in Serie A, additionally showing interest in acquiring the Torre Del Grifo training center, built during the Pulvirenti era.

The new club was renamed to Catania Società Sportiva Dilettantistica, with Ross Pelligra as president and Vincenzo Grella as vice-president, was subsequently admitted to the 2022–23 Serie D.^[] Catania then went onto finish first in Group I in Serie D and obtain automatic promotion back into Serie C for the 2023-2024 season.^[]